"Ayahuasca" as a hallucinogenic substance does not properly refer to one single plant, but to a singular mixture of two very different plan species...there is no such thing as an "ayahuasca plant," or a "yage plant", any more than there is a simple liquor simply called "Martini." Ayahuasca correctly refers to a psychedelic combination of plants which varies in potency according to the skill of its maker.
While each shaman has his own secret formula for the mixture (with probably no two exactly alike), it has been established that true ayahuasca always contains both beta-carboline and tryptamine alkaloids, the former (harmine and harmaline) usually obtained from the Banisteriopsis caapi vine, and the latter (N, N-dimethyl-tryptamine, or DMT) from the leaves of the Psychotria viridis bush. (There may be variations among plant species, but the alkaloids are always consistent.
It is significant to note that neither one of these plant substances by itself is normally psychoactive in oral doses. (Harmine/harmaline is said to effect hallucinosis at highly toxic levels, but in less heroic quantities it is at best a tranquilizer, at worst an emetic.) DMT, in any quantity, is not orally active unless used in combination with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. This principle is precisely what makes ayahuasca effective; the harmala alkaloids in the Banisteriopsis caapi vine are potent short term MAO inhibitors which synergize with the DMT-containing Psychotria viridis leaves to produce what has been described as one of the most profound of all psychedelic experiences.
To learn more about these sort of Herbs/Chemicals: Erowid
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Shamanism - Other Worlds - Ayahuasca
1:13:39
Plant constituents
Traditional
Traditional Ayahuasca brews are always made with Banisteriopsis caapi as a MAOI[citation needed], although DMT sources and other admixtures vary from region to region. There are several varieties of caapi, often known as different "colors", with varying effects, potencies, and uses.
DMT admixtures:
* Psychotria viridis (Chacruna) - leaves
* Diplopterys cabrerana (Chaliponga, Banisteriopsis rusbyana) - leaves
* Psychotria carthagenensis (Amyruca) - leaves
Other common admixtures:
* Justicia pectoralis
* Brugmansia (ToƩ)
* Nicotiana rustica (Mapacho, variety of tobacco)
* Ilex guayusa, a relative of yerba mate
MAOI:
* Harmal (Peganum harmala, Syrian Rue) - seeds
* Passion flower
* synthetic MAOIs
DMT admixture sources:
* Acacia maidenii (Maiden's Wattle), Acacia phlebophylla, and other Acacias, most commonly employed in Australia - bark
* Anadenanthera peregrina, A. colubrina, A. excelsa, A. macrocarpa
* Mimosa hostilis (Jurema) - root bark - not traditionally employed with ayahuasca by any existing cultures, though likely it was in the past. Popular in Europe and North America.
Common admixtures with their associated ceremonial values and spirits:
* Ayahuma bark
Dead Head Tree. Provides protection and is used in healing susto (soul loss from spiritual fright or trauma). Head spirit is a headless giant.
* Capirona bark
Provides cleansing and protection. It is noted for its smooth bark, white flowers, and hard wood. Head spirits look Caucasian.
* Chullachaki Caspi bark
Provides cleansing to the physical body. Used to transcend physical body ailments. Head spirits look Caucasian.
* Lopuna Blanca bark
Provides protection. Head spirits take the form of giants.
* Punga Amarilla bark
Yellow Punga. Provides protection. Used to pull or draw out negative spirits or energies. Head spirit is the yellow anaconda.
* Remo Caspi bark
Oar Tree. Used to move dense or dark energies. Head spirit is a native warrior.
* Wyra (huaira) Caspi bark
Air Tree. Used to create purging, transcend gastro/intestinal ailments, calm the mind, and bring tranquility. Head spirit looks African.
* Shiwawaku bark
Brings purple medicine to the ceremony. Provides healing and protection.
* Camu camu Gigante:
Head spirit comes in the form of a large dark skinned giant. He provides medicine and protection in the form of warding off dark and demonic spirits.
* Tamamuri:
Head spirit looks like an old Asian warrior with a long white wispy beard. He carries a staff and manages thousands of spirits to protect the ceremony and send away energies that are purged from the participants.
* Uchu Sanango
Head of the sanango plants. Provides power, strength, and protection. Head doctor spirit is a grandfather with a long, gray-white beard.
* Huacapurana:
Giant tree of the amazon with very hard bark. Its head spirits come in the form of Amazonian giants and provide a strong grounding presence in the ceremony.