New global battlefield - Food Farms! (Bah. 2/2)

Ini Bahagian 2. Bahagian 1 di sini.

SELF-SUFFICIENCY IN FOOD PRODUCTION

Di penghujung era Dr Mahathir Mohamad menjadi PM, dan semasa Abdullah Badawi, masa tu Datuk Seri, baru jadi PM, mereka ada idea yang sama (ahem, masa tu belum bergaduh lagi).
Mereka berdua cuba untuk menjadikan Malaysia menjadi negara yang tak perlu lagi mengimport banyak barangan makanan.
Menjadi negara self-sufficient dalam makanan. Masa tu, Malaysia mengimport barang makanan RM25 billion setahun - dari gandum ke beras, daging dan ikan.

Rancangan masa itu ialah nak membesarkan ternakan lembu, ayam dan ikan, menggalak penanaman padi dan sayur lagi, dan ladang buah-buahan.
Saya pernah menuju ke Johor apabila Abdullah lancarkan projek nak pelihara lembu, dan ke hujung Selangor (dekat Rawang-Ijok) untuk projek menanam ladang buah-buahan.
Masa tu Effendi Norwawi menjadi Menteri Pertanian. Macam-macam idea dikeluarkan. Saya pun begitu sibuk ikut beliau ke sana dan sini, lancar itu dan ini.
Syiok membuat penulisan tentang agriculture-pertanian ni. Dan interview pekebun tanam water melon dan sayuran. Mereka lebih down-to-earth (quite literally, too!) daripada orang politik yang hari ni cakap gini, esok tukar haluan.
Koridor utara dan timor yang dilancarkannya pun ada idea nak kembangkan sektor pertanian.

Tetapi akhirnya, tak tahulah apa dah jadi kepada projek-projek makanan itu, kerana Tun Abdullah mengalami terlalu banyak masalah politik sehingga tak dapat nak memajukan idea lain.

Sayang.
Ideanya, pada saya, sangat bagus.
Kurangkan belanja, dan jika ada lebih, boleh eksport.
Kini, negara kaya sedang berebut nak tanam itu dan ini agar ada food security.
Welcome to the world of Contract Farming.
Some people say this is Neo-Colonisation = new colonisation = penjajahan era baru, macam dulu orang British, Portugis dan Belanda datang ke sini suruh kita tanam gambir dan getah, mereka bawa pulang ke negara mereka.

Ini laporan yang saya tulis (di akhbar The Straits Times Singapore Sabtu/27Feb).


GAMBAR HIASAN: Penjajahan era baru atau projek membantu negara miskin?


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Farming is farmed out

By Reme Ahmad
Assistant Foreign Editor

MANUFACTURING is not the only sector being outsourced in these changing economic times. Farming itself is being farmed out.

China, South Korea, India, and some Gulf states including Saudi Arabia have been busy signing deals to ensure that there is food on the table for generations to come.

They are leasing or planning to lease huge tracts of farm land in Africa, Asia and Latin America to plant rice, wheat and other crops which will be shipped home after they are harvested.

According to estimates by the Washington-based International Food Policy Research Institute last year, the total value of farmland deals signed in recent years, along with those in the pipeline, ranges from US$20 billion (S$28 billion) to US$30 billion.

These outsourced farms cover a total area of about 20 million ha. That adds up to 20 per cent of the entire amount of arable land in the European Union.

Cash-rich countries say that while they keep their own populations fed, such deals provide billions of dollars of funds for poor governments and create jobs in rural economies.

They also gain from infrastructure projects such as roads and ports.

Mr Abdul Rahim Khan, a farmer and general secretary of the Sarhad Chamber of Agriculture in Pakistan, said Gulf companies have signalled interest in the country's farmland.

'There is no risk in it as we will only lease out our lands we are unable to use,' he was quoted as saying by Pakistan's The News daily recently. 'We are not selling out our precious lands to the foreigners.'

Some governments actually canvass for foreign investments in their farmlands. Indonesia, for example, is targeting one of its most remote regions, Papua, for such deals.

But not everyone, including local farmers, are happy with the idea of foreigners coming in to cultivate their land and then shipping the harvest away.

News that Madagascar had agreed to lease about half of its arable land to grow corn for South Koreans caused a backlash. It led to a coup that overthrew the island nation's president last March. The new Madagascar leader promptly scrapped the deal with Daewoo.

In some parts of Africa and Asia, critics are calling this wave of investments 'neo-colonialism', 'new feudalism' or just plain robbery.

The phenomenon was driven partly by the spiralling prices of food in 2008 that made many nations realise their vulnerability to food shortages.

According to a study by a United Nations body, the world's population is expected to jump to 9.1 billion by 2050 from 6.8 billion today - an increase of 34 per cent.

Food supplies will be strained unless more crops are grown. Then there are the issues of water scarcity and climate change to grapple with.

The looming shortages are expected to be aggravated by the practice in some countries to plant crops for biofuel instead of food. Sugar and corn are two examples.

'The inventories of food are the lowest, not in years but in decades. Supply is going to remain down since we have serious production problems,' Mr Jim Rogers, a global investor, was quoted as saying recently by India's Business Standard newspaper.

'At the same time, people are eating more and we are burning some of our foods as fuels.'

TAMBAHAN

Negara dan projek:

Egypt runs farms growing corn in Zambia, rice in Niger, and vegetables in Tanzania. Now it plans to grow wheat in Uganda.

Pakistan's Board of Investment plans to put about 9.1 million ha of farmland up for lease to foreign countries and companies.

An Australian investment group, BKK Partners, says its client is targeting 100,000ha of Cambodian land to grow rice, bananas, sugar cane, palm oil and teak. Investments worth US$600 million (S$847 million) planned.

Jordan is planning a joint grain venture with Kazakhstan, involving US$50 million in investments.

Investment group Saudi Star is eyeing 350,000ha in Ethiopia to plant rice, maize, sugar cane and oilseeds.

Indonesia is targeting 1.6 million ha on Papua island for agriculture projects.

Libya is planning farmland projects worth US$500 million in Brazil.

United Arab Emirates' Minerals Energy Commodities Holdings is in talks to lease 100,000ha of farmland in Kalimantan, where the company has a railway and coal project worth about US$1 billion.

New global battlefield - Food Farms! (Bah. 1/2)

(*Tajuk melayu - Medan perjuangan baru - Ladang Makanan.
(Tajuk saja bahasa mat salleh, heehee. Tapi nanti Bah 2/2 ada citer dalam bahasa Inggeris yang saya tulis).

LADANG SAWIT MALAYSIA

Apabila penanaman kelapa sawit di Malaysia menjadi semakin popular kira-kira 15 tahun lalu, para eksekutif syarikat besar, termasuk Golden Hope dan Kumpulan Guthrie (kini telah dikawin paksa; kerja bodoh) berhadapan masalah besar: macam mana nak teruskan business yang sedang membangun pesat ni.

Tanah di Malaysia, walaupun besau jika dipandang dari pulau kecik Temasek, tak cukup jika nak ditanam ladang sawit yang besar-besar (gede, kata orang Jawa).

Sawit ni laku seluruh dunia sebab ia minyak makanan lebih sihat dari jagung, soybean dan minyak-minyak lain. Harganya pun berpatutan di pasaran dunia. India dan Pakistan (dan kini Cina) adalah antara negara yang banyak makan sawit Malaysia. Juga digunakan untuk membuat aiskrim, kosmetik, coklat.

Maka akhirnya, banyak syarikat Malaysia mengembangkan ladang sawit ke Indonesia - di Kalimantan dan Sumatra, kerana sawit mesti ditanam tak jauh dari Equator/Khatulistiwa kerana cuaca dan hujan.
Jika tidak tak hidup. Sawit mesti ditanam 10 degrees di atas atau di bawah Equator. Baca di sini di bawah tajuk Palm Oil Production.

Hanya 10 tahun lalu, Malaysia ialah pengeluar minyak sawit terbesar di dunia. Tetapi kerana pelaburan besar ladang-ladang di Indonesia, kini Indonesia dah take over sebagai penjual sawit No.1 di dunia. Malaysia tukar tempat dan kini di tempat kedua. (Sebab itu jangan selalu nak gaduh dengan jiran - sebab hidup kita saling perlu-memerlukan).

Di bawah ini - cerita yang saya tulis pada 2006 tentang pengembangan industri sawit Malaysia ke Indonesia. Tapi itu cerita lama, tentunya data dah bertukar.
Cuma yang saya nak jelaskan ialah Malaysia ni ada power kalau nak tembusi pasaran luar negara! Malaysia terus boleh! Nak kembangkan sayap luar (external economic wing) untuk terus makmurkan negara.

KRISIS MAKANAN 2007-2008

Tapi sawit ni cerita lain. Kesian Pak Mat dan Datin Piah baru nak minum kopi baca cerita sawit tulisan saya, tersedak. Cerita sebenar saya hari ini ialah perlunya negara-negara kaya dan yang tak banyak tanah pertanian (Singapore, Malaysia samalah tu) perlu mengembangkan Ladang Makanan (Food Farms) ke luar negeri!

Kita semua (satu dunia) hampir padah pada 2007-2008 apabila krisis harga makanan terjadi dulu. Sampai jadi huru-hara di banyak negara miskin sebab harga barang makanan melonjak. Antara sebabnya ialah harga minyak terlalu tinggi, global warming-cuaca El Nino yang mengurangkan pengeluaran makanan (harvest of crops). Baca di sini.

Juga, kerana ladang banyak ditukar untuk mengeluarkan bio-fuel - jagung/corn, sawit dan gula/cane sugar ditanam bukan untuk dijadikan makanan, tetapi untuk dimasukkan dalam enjin kereta sebanyak minyak.

Malaysia dan Singapore pun ada memajukan idea bio-fuel ini. Tetapi kini ramai dah taubat - bahawa jika kita tanam pokok makanan kerana syiok nak naik kereta, mungkin dunia boleh mati kelaparan. Kerana ladang bio-fuel crops ni mesti luas - satu Borneo tu tak cukup. Maklumlah anda nak hidupkan kereta BMW atau Porsche anda, kan banyak pakai minyak tu.

Kerana krisis makanan itu, banyak negara dah sedar: Food Security is just as important as physical security. Orang tak payah datang bom kamu atau rosakkan ekonomi kamu dengan sabotaj dalaman. Jika harga makanan di dunia tinggi, rakyat kamu akan mengamuk dan tumbangkan kamu. Dan negara boleh kocar-kacir.

Maka timbullah istilah agak baru sekarang ini - "farmland grab". Perebutan negara-negara kaya di dunia nak membeli atau menyewa/lease tanah di negara miskin nak tanam padi, wheat/gandum (nak buat roti canai), jagung, sayur, buah-buahan.

Kalau negara kita (Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei - apa khabar Pak Karim) tak lakukan benda yang sama, atau sekurang-kurangnya sedar tentang Food Security ini, mungkin kita akan tewas dan boleh ditumbangkan oleh orang asing atau petualang dalaman apabila harga makanan naik mendadak lagi.

Baca cerita-cerita di sini - farmlandgrab.org - click laporan akhbar dunia mengenai isu ini. Dan juga baca cerita beras/jagung/gandum di grain.org.

Saya kena buat research benda ini dua hari lepas. Ooi, takut info yang saya terbaca. Negara Saudi, Korea, Jepun, negara Arab lain (negara padang pasir) dah banyak menyewa/lease tanah di negara miskin nak tanam food crops. Di Ethiopia, Niger, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, dan kini Indonesia pun nak buka tanah di Papua untuk dijadikan food farms.

OK dulu, baca citer sawit dan pengembangan syarikat Malaysia ke Indonesia.

Saya tulis ni dulu semasa musim panas bulan puasa dan jerebu sekali lagi menghala ke Singapore dan Malaysia, dan orang ramai mula marah. "Kenapa Indonesia ni selalu gitu?". Maka saya pun korek siapa yang empunya ladang sawit di Sumatra dan Kalimantan.
Ouch rupa-rupanya banyak syarikat Malaysia.
Kalau tak ngantuk, nanti di Bah 2/2 citer saya tentang Food Farms ni pula.

Ingat ya: Ini tahun 2006, masa tu Malaysia masih No.1 pengeluar sawit. Kini Indonesia No.1 sebab walaupun ladang milik Malaysia, pengeluaran di negara lain dikira hasil negara itu.

Yang syiok lepas tulis citer di bawah ni ada dua - satu, bos saya gembira sebab banyak data baru dikeluarkan. Dua, ada mat salleh palm oil player telefon saya bertanya - banyak betul maklumat syarikat Malaysia yang ada ladang di Indonesia. Dia kata dia pun tak pernah dapat data seperti itu. Di mana saya dapat? Saya kata mudah 'bang - Saya baca semua Annual Report mereka dan saya telefon syarikat yang tak ada data itu. Juga ada rakan di sebuah brokerage saham yang membuat research tentang sawit.

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Don’t blame us, say Malaysian firms
Palm oil companies operating in Indonesia claim zero-burning policy
Publication: The Straits Times, 21 October 2006

Picture Caption: WHOSE FAULT?: A worker carries palm tree seedlings near burning wood on the Seberida plantation in Indragiri Hulu on Sumatra. Malaysian firms blame local Indonesian farmers for setting off the fires.

By REME AHMAD, Malaysia Bureau Chief

Kuala Lumpur: OIL palm plantations are now fighting the perception that they are in a large part responsible for the haze which blights the region every year.

Malaysian officials and companies that operate in Indonesia have denied all responsibility, saying that the haze is caused by poor farmers using fire to clear land near their plantations. They say Malaysian firms in Indonesia have a “zero burning” policy, the same as in Malaysia since 2000.

“When smallholders burn their land, the fires often intrude into our area,” said a senior official of a Malaysian company which has operations in Kalimantan. “No one can stop them as there is little enforcement in remote areas.”

Ample land and cheap labour have attracted big Malaysian plantation companies to Indonesia since 2000.

Today, there are 34 Malaysian plantation companies in Indonesia which together lease about 700,000ha of land – slightly larger than the area of Singapore. This, of course, is reasonably small compared to the 4.1 million hectares in Malaysia which have oil palm plantations on them.

“Our companies went abroad for land which is cheaper and lower labour costs. Indonesia is also very near compared to, say, investing in Africa,” said an official at the Palm Oil Board, a government agency that promotes the industry.Indonesia has 6 million hectares of oil palm plantations.

So the bulk of the palm plantations there are in the hands of Indonesians. Malaysians are in second place with 12 per cent of the land, about half of which is yet to be planted. There is a smattering of other foreign players, including some from Britain.

Malaysia is the world’s largest palm oil producer, with 15 million tonnes of crude palm oil produced last year. It is also the only place in the world for trading in palm oil futures.

Last year, Malaysia’s export revenue from palm oil products was RM28.6 billion (S$12.2 billion), the biggest foreign exchange earner after manufacturing, tourism and petroleum and gas.

Indonesia is the second biggest producer, with 13.3 million tonnes of crude palm oil produced in 2005. Industry players say Indonesia is set to become the world’s biggest producer in the next few years as more of its trees mature and bear more fruit.

But Malaysian planters have not exhausted their expansion plans. Golden Hope Plantations, for instance, has about 30,000ha on long-term lease in Kalimantan. Its group chief executive, Datuk Sabri Ahmad, said in the company’s latest annual report that it plans to increase its holdings to 100,000ha over the next few years.

Malaysia and Indonesia together supply about 75 per cent of the palm oil products consumed globally. The near monopoly is easily maintained as the plants require a wet tropical climate and temperatures of between 24 deg C and 32 deg C. This means they can be grown only at latitudes of up to 10 degrees above or below the equator. Other parts of the world with oil palms are in Africa and South America, near the equator.

Kumpulan Guthrie was the first big Malaysian planter to move into Indonesia in 2000. It was quickly followed by others. “The initial investments are heavy as you have to build roads and mills, and plant the land. But after a few years you get good returns,” said an industry official.

Palm oil is used in cooking oil and a variety of products from ice creams to cosmetics. It is also finding new use as an alternative fuel to run engines – a trend that will result in more land being cleared to house ever-bigger plantations.

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Major players

THERE are 34 Malaysian palm oil companies with operations in Indonesia.

They lease a total of about 700,000ha of land. About 60 per cent of this has been planted.

The following are the big Malaysian players in Indonesia:

- PPB Group (283,200ha)

- PNB’s Kumpulan Guthrie (216,900ha)

- Asiatic Development (98,300ha)

- KL Kepong (40,470ha)

- PNB’s Golden Hope (30,000ha)

- TSH Resources (12,000ha)

(By REME AHMAD)

Singapore, Malaysia in Sumatra anti-haze moves

Let's today talk peace in the region, instead of the usual venom over each other.

While most of us could only make our annual complaints about the haze, the Singapore and Malaysia governments had quietly gone to the ground in Sumatra over the years to try and help.
They went down to two Indonesian provinces - Riau and Jambi, the nearest to our two countries - to try and tackle the burning of the land.
Maps of the provinces in relation to Mal-Sing are here - Riau with Pekanbaru as capital, and Jambi with its capital also called Jambi.

But since this type of work is not sexy, the main news agencies and ang mor newspapers have not been writing about it.
The projects are part of Asean's plan to tackle the issue rather than just complain to the Indonesians.

There is of course a strong suspicion (not expressed publicly) that Jakarta has been slow to react to the haze because it rarely gets smogged over.
The haze from Sumatra hit Singapore, west Malaysia and even southern Thailand, but not Jakarta the capital.
The haze from Kalimantan regularly hits Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei, never Jakarta.

Of course there is also the money factor. Since it doesn't hit you in the face and nose, why spend money to tackle the issue? That has been the complaints of the governors in the provinces - they need funds to buy tractors to help farmers clear the land.
And then there is a horrible factor often under-reported too: Some of the burnings are/were suspected to be from the big Malaysian companies with palm oil landbanks there. And on Indonesian paper-pulp and palm oil companies.
Added to this are suspected corruption, and the problem will never go away.

So now, the projects carried out by Singapore and Malaysia are hoped to help out the state provinces of Jambi dan Riau (Indonesia has a total of 33 provinces - propinsi or provinsi, equivalent to Malaysia's 13 states).
In July, Singapore officially handed over air quality and weather monitoring stations to the Jambians, see here.
Not much, but this is part of Singapore's contribution of S$1 million (RM2.3 million) to help out in Jambi that also included teaching farmers zero-burning practices.
And then there is the push to let local farmers go into tilapia fish-farming, instead of burning land every year to make way for new crops.

Malaysia is helping out in Riau, with weather stations and canal-blocking projects.
See report here. I can't seem to find more details like how big is the project and how much it costs.
Malaysia is also trying to persuade its three Malaysian palm oil companies with a total of 180,00 hectares in Indonesia to do more to curb open burning.